如果講電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)(dian)感三大元(yuan)件(jian)是(shi)我(wo)們最常(chang)見的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)的(de)話,而二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)則是(shi)我(wo)們見到(dao)最多的(de)半導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)。為(wei)(wei)什么說(shuo)二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)不同于電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)(dian)感而被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)半導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)那(nei)?這是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)二極(ji)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)利用半導(dao)體材料根據(ju)其電(dian)(dian)荷(he)有P極(ji)流向N極(ji)的(de)特性而制成的(de),故被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)半導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)。比它功能更強大的(de)三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)、MOS管(guan)(guan)等元(yuan)件(jian)也是(shi)半導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)。
二(er)(er)極管(guan)有兩個管(guan)腳,一個是(shi)(shi)正極一個是(shi)(shi)負極,它最大的(de)特性(xing)是(shi)(shi)單向導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing),既電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷只能(neng)(neng)由正極流(liu)向負極。二(er)(er)極管(guan)主要的(de)參數有額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、結電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等,選用時(shi)應根據實際要求加以甄(zhen)別選用。二(er)(er)極管(guan)種類(lei)很多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)各異,常見的(de)有整流(liu)二(er)(er)極管(guan),穩(wen)壓二(er)(er)極管(guan),發(fa)光二(er)(er)極管(guan)等。
整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)是用(yong)來(lai)將AC變為(wei)DC的(de)(de),在單(dan)相整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)當(dang)中根據(ju)所用(yong)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)數量分為(wei):采用(yong)單(dan)只(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)半波(bo)(bo)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu);利用(yong)變壓器抽(chou)頭(tou)加兩只(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)全(quan)波(bo)(bo)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu);以及(ji)利用(yong)四只(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)構成的(de)(de)橋式整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。三相整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)分為(wei)半波(bo)(bo)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和三相全(quan)橋式整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。這些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)相關知識在一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術(shu)教材當(dang)中均(jun)有講(jiang)解,詳情請(qing)參(can)考(kao)相關資料。我們在工作當(dang)中常(chang)(chang)見整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)應用(yong)的(de)(de)地方有各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)初級(ji)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)側,真空(kong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)接觸器吸(xi)合線圈前(qian)面(mian)的(de)(de)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)等。我們常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)多為(wei)黑(hei)色塑封的(de)(de)1.5A的(de)(de)1N4700--1N4707系列。整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)一(yi)般在其表(biao)面(mian)用(yong)一(yi)圈銀環來(lai)指(zhi)示負極(ji)(ji)所在。
穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)常用(yong)(yong)在(zai)對直流(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)路當(dang)中(zhong)。穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)是利用(yong)(yong)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)反向擊穿特性而制作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)元件,其(qi)(qi)在(zai)電(dian)路當(dang)中(zhong)最應該注(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)既穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)要反向使用(yong)(yong),也就是要將穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),其(qi)(qi)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)要牢記。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)有(you)1N4728--1N4769系列,其(qi)(qi)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范圍3.3v--100v。但(dan)由于穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)不(bu)大,故常用(yong)(yong)在(zai)工作(zuo)電(dian)流(liu)較小的(de)(de)(de)線路當(dang)中(zhong)。此外利用(yong)(yong)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)特性在(zai)有(you)關電(dian)子線路當(dang)中(zhong),它(ta)還被賦(fu)予限幅、電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)采用(yong)(yong)比較的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管是我們(men)在工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)指示和日常(chang)照明當中常(chang)接(jie)觸到的元(yuan)件(jian),我們(men)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)采(cai)用其(qi)英文(wen)縮寫(xie)LED來代指它。由于現在大(da)功(gong)率(lv)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管的不斷涌(yong)現,原有(you)普(pu)亮、超亮、甚(shen)亮的分類方(fang)法已很難(nan)適(shi)用。發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電壓(ya)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)為2.5--4.5v左右,在高于其(qi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電壓(ya)的電路中要串入(ru)合適(shi)的降壓(ya)電阻(zu)才(cai)能(neng)保障(zhang)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管的正常(chang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)級管同(tong)樣是有(you)極(ji)性的元(yuan)件(jian),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)帽式發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管管腳(jiao)較長的一(yi)(yi)(yi)端(duan)為正極(ji),大(da)功(gong)率(lv)片狀發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)管一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)都(dou)會在元(yuan)件(jian)焊接(jie)處給予極(ji)性符號標示的,使用或更換時要注意。
此外(wai)二(er)極管(guan)家族(zu)當中還有檢(jian)波二(er)極管(guan)、開關二(er)極管(guan)、激(ji)光二(er)極管(guan)、變容二(er)極管(guan)等許多種類的(de)二(er)極管(guan)。大(da)家在使用和檢(jian)修時應仔細閱(yue)讀其參(can)數(shu)說(shuo)明書(shu)。總之,認識和掌(zhang)握二(er)極管(guan)這種最基礎的(de)半導體(ti)元(yuan)件(jian),是(shi)我們學習電子知識的(de)必(bi)經之路。
